Regulation of interference-sensitive crossover distribution ensures crossover assurance in <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Abstract

During meiosis, crossovers (COs) are typically required to ensure faithful chromosomal segregation. Despite the requirement for at least one CO between each pair of chromosomes, closely spaced double COs are usually underrepresented due to a phenomenon called CO interference. Like <i>Mus musculus</i> and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> has both interference-sensitive (Class I) and interference-insensitive (Class II) COs. However, the underlying mechanism controlling CO distribution remains largely elusive. Both AtMUS81 and AtFANCD2 promote the formation of Class II CO. Using both AtHEI10 and AtMLH1 immunostaining, two markers of Class I COs, we show that AtFANCD2 but not AtMUS81 is required for normal Class I CO distribution among chromosomes. Depleting <i>AtFANCD2</i> leads to a CO distribution pattern that is intermediate between that of wild-type and a Poisson distribution. Moreover, in <i>Atfancm</i>, <i>Atfigl1</i>, and <i>Atrmi1</i> mutants where increased Class II CO frequency has been reported previously, we observe Class I CO distribution patterns that are strikingly similar to <i>Atfancd2.</i> Surprisingly, we found that AtFANCD2 plays opposite roles in regulating CO frequency in <i>Atfancm</i> compared with either in <i>Atfigl1</i> or <i>Atrmi1.</i> Together, these results reveal that although AtFANCD2, AtFANCM, AtFIGL1, and AtRMI1 regulate Class II CO frequency by distinct mechanisms, they have similar roles in controlling the distribution of Class I COs among chromosomes.