Study of Diffusion Weighted Imaging Derived Diffusion Parameters as Biomarkers for the Microenvironment in Gliomas

Abstract

Objectives To explore the efficacy of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)-derived metrics under different models as surrogate indicators for molecular biomarkers and tumor microenvironment in gliomas. Methods A retrospective study was performed for 41 patients with gliomas. The standard apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC st ) and ADC under ultra-high b values (ADC uh ) ( b values: 2500 to 5000 s/mm 2 ) were calculated based on monoexponential model. The fraction of fast diffusion ( f ), pseudo ADC (ADC fast ) and true ADC (ADC slow ) were calculated by bi-exponential model ( b values: 0 to 2000 s/mm 2 ). The apparent diffusional kurtosis (K app ) was derived from the simplified diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) model ( b values: 200 to 3000 s/mm 2 ). Potential correlations between DWI parameters and immunohistological indices (i.e. Aquaporin (AQP)1, AQP4, AQP9 and Ki-67) were investigated and DWI parameters were compared between high- and low-grade gliomas, and between tumor center and peritumor. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to determine the performance of independent or combined DWI parameters in grading gliomas. Results The ADC slow and ADC uh at tumor center showed a stronger correlation with Ki-67 than other DWI metrics. The ADC st , ADC slow and ADC uh at tumor center presented correlations with AQP1 and AQP4 while AQP9 did not correlate with any DWI metric. K app showed a correlation with Ki-67 while no significant correlation with AQPs. ADC st ( p < 0.001) and ADC slow ( p = 0.001) were significantly lower while the ADC uh ( p = 0.006) and K app ( p = 0.005) were significantly higher in the high-grade than in the low-grade gliomas. ADC st , f , ADC fast , ADC slow , ADC uh , K app at the tumor center had significant differences with those in peritumor when the gliomas grade became high ( p < 0.05). Involving ADC uh and K app simultaneously into an independent ADC st model (AUC = 0.833) could further improve the grading performance (ADC st +ADC uh +K app : AUC = 0.923). Conclusion Different DWI metrics fitted within different b -value ranges (low to ultra-high b values) have different efficacies as a surrogate indicator for molecular expression or microstructural complexity in gliomas. Further studies are needed to better explain the biological meanings of these DWI parameters in gliomas.