TiO₂/MXene‐Assisted LDI‐MS for Urine Metabolic Profiling in Urinary Disease

Abstract

Abstract Cancer remains an intractable medical problem. Rapid diagnosis and identification of cancer are critical to differentiate it from nonmalignant diseases. High‐throughput biofluid metabolic analysis has potential for cancer diagnosis. Nevertheless, the present metabolite analysis method does not meet the demand for high‐throughput screening of diseases. Herein, a high‐throughput, cost‐effective, and noninvasive urine metabolic profiling method based on TiO 2 /MXene‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) is presented for the efficient screening of bladder cancer (BC) and nonmalignant urinary disease. Combined with machine learning, TiO 2 /MXene‐assisted LDI‐MS enables high diagnostic accuracy (96.8%) for the classification of patient groups (including 47 BC and 46 ureteral calculus (UC) patients) from healthy controls (113 cases). In addition, BC patients can also be identified from noncancerous UC individuals with an accuracy of 88.3% in the independent test cohort. Furthermore, metabolite variations between BC and UC individuals are investigated based on relative quantification, and related pathways are also discussed. These results suggest that this method, based on urine metabolic patterns, provides a potential tool for rapidly distinguishing urinary diseases and it may pave the way for precision medicine.