Lectin‐Triggered Aggregation of Glyco‐Gold Nanoprobes for Activity‐based Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide by the Naked Eye

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a colorimetric assay for detecting hydrogen peroxide (H₂ O₂ ) through a combination of using an aryl boronate (AB) derivative and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The unique optical property of AuNPs is applied to design a detection probe. The aggregation of AuNPs could be directly observed as a color change by the naked eye. A mannoside-boronate-sulfide (MBS) ligand was designed that contains an arylboronate (AB), a mannoside, and a thiol group. The thiol group bonds covalently with the surface of AuNPs to obtain MBS@AuNPs. The mannoside moiety recognizes concanavalin A (Con A), a lectin with four carbohydrate recognition sites that can specifically recognize the non-reducing end of an α-D-mannoside or α-D-glucoside structure. The AB structure on MBS first reacts with H₂ O₂ and then inserts an oxygen atom in the B-H bond, which triggers intramolecular electron rearrangement to cleave the covalent bond, resulting in a MBSt mixture. The MBS or MBSt is then modified to citrate-coated AuNPs (c-AuNPs) to have MBS@AuNPs or MBSt@AuNPs. When the MBS@AuNPs are incubated with Con A, the Con A recognizes multiple mannosides on the surface of the MBS@AuNPs. Subsequently, the MBS@AuNPs aggregate and the solution's color changes from red to purple, but this color change does not occur in the case of MBSt@AuNPs. The phenomenon can be observed by the naked eye.