Indocyanine Green–Guided Pediatric Tumor Resection: Approach, Utility, and Challenges

Abstract

Incomplete tumor resection increases the risk of local recurrence. However, the standard of care approach to distinguishing tumor tissue is less than optimal, as it depends on a conglomeration of preoperative imaging and visual and tactile indicators in real time. This approach is associated with a significant risk of inadequate resection; therefore, a novel approach that delineates the accurate intraoperative definition of pediatric tumors is urgently needed. To date, there is no reliable method for the intraoperative assessment of tumor extent and real-time differentiation between tumor- involved tissues and tumor-free tissues. Use of intraoperative frozen sections is challenging, time consuming, and covers a small surface area. Increased vascular permeability and impaired lymphatic drainage in the tumor microenvironment leads to an enhanced permeability and retention effect of small molecules. ICG is a fluorescent dye that when administered intravenously accumulates passively in the tumor because of EPR, thereby providing some tumor contrast for intraoperative real-time tumor recognition. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that the tumor-to-background fluorescence ratio is optimized when imaging is obtained 24 h after dye injection, and many studies suggest using a high dose of ICG to optimize dye retention in the tumor tissue. However, in childhood cancers, little is known about the ideal dosing, applications, and challenges of ICG-guided tumor resection. This retrospective study examines the feasibility of ICG-guided tumor resection in common childhood solid tumors such as neuroblastoma, sarcomas, hepatic tumors, pulmonary metastases, and other rare tumors. Pediatric dosing and challenges related to the optimization of tumor-to-background ratio are also examined.