Barks of Three Wild <i>Pyrus</i> Taxa: Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant Activity, and <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Silico</i> Investigations of <i>α</i>‐Amylase and <i>α</i>‐Glucosidase Inhibition

Abstract

Dry MeOH extracts of the twig barks of Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster, P. spinosa and their hybrid P.×jordanovii nothosubsp. velenovskyi, collected in wild in Serbia, were analyzed. By LC/MS, the contents of arbutin (99.9-131.0 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (2.2-6.3 mg/g), catechin (1.0-5.3 mg/g) and total dimeric and trimeric procyanidins (42.2-61.3 mg/g), including procyanidin B2 (8.9-17.2 mg/g), were determined. Colorimetrically, high contents of total phenolics (436.2-533.4 mg GAE/g) and tannins (339.4-425.7 mg GAE/g), as well as strong total antioxidant activities (FRAP values 4.5-5.9 mmol Fe²⁺ /g), and DPPH (SC₅₀ =6.6-7.1 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radical (SC₅₀ =447.1-727.7 μg/ml) scavenging abilities were revealed. In vitro, all extracts exhibited notable inhibition of α-amylase (IC₅₀ =310.8-617.7 μg/ml) and particularly strong inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ =2.1-3.7 μg/ml). Molecular docking predicted that among identified compounds procyanidin B2 is the best inhibitor of these carbohydrate-digesting enzymes. Obtained results showed that the barks of investigated Pyrus hybrid and its parent taxa have similar composition and bioactivity.