Bayesian Modeling and Intrabacterial Drug Metabolism Applied to Drug-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Abstract

We present the application of Bayesian modeling to identify chemical tools and/or drug discovery entities pertinent to drug-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infections. The quinoline JSF-3151 was predicted by modeling and then empirically demonstrated to be active against <i>in vitro</i> cultured clinical methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains while also exhibiting efficacy in a mouse peritonitis model of methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> infection. We highlight the utility of an intrabacterial drug metabolism (IBDM) approach to probe the mechanism by which JSF-3151 is transformed within the bacteria. We also identify and then validate two mechanisms of resistance in <i>S. aureus</i>: one mechanism involves increased expression of a lipocalin protein, and the other arises from the loss of function of an azoreductase. The computational and experimental approaches, discovery of an antibacterial agent, and elucidated resistance mechanisms collectively hold promise to advance our understanding of therapeutic regimens for drug-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>.