Quantum-enhanced rubidium atomic magnetometer based on Faraday rotation via 795 nm stokes operator squeezed light

Abstract

Abstract With the help of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 squeezed state (also called polarization squeezed state (PSS)) of 795 nm light, rubidium-87 ( 87 Rb) atomic magnetometer based on Faraday rotation (FR) has been implemented and characterized. The PSS of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 of 795 nm light has been prepared by means of coherently combining the polarization coherent state (PCS) of a linearly p-polarized bright 795 nm light beam and a linearly s-polarized squeezed vacuum state (SVS) generated by a 397.5 nm ultraviolet laser pumped sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a PPKTP bulk crystal inside the OPO cavity. PSS with a squeezing level of −3.7 ± 0.3 dB has been achieved around the analysis frequency of 10 kHz. At different transitions of D 1 line, various frequency detuning, and reasonable atomic vapor cell’s temperature, FR has been measured and compared. To decrease absorption (scattering) losses and the back-action from atomic spin noise to the probe beam’s polarization noise for maintaining the quantum properties of PSS of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 of 795 nm light, we had to run our magnetometer with 87 Rb vapor cell’s temperature below 60 °C, at which the PSS was almost destroyed. The sensitivities of magnetic field measurement were characterized via measuring signal-to-noise ratio of the alternating current calibrated magnetic field signal with a balanced polarimeter. Under the conditions of the atomic number density of ∼5.8 × 10 10 cm −3 ( T ∼ 40 °C) and the probe beam with a detuning of ∼−400 MHz relative to the 5S 1/2 ( F g = 2) − 5P 1/2 ( F e = 1) transition of 87 Rb D 1 line, a typical sensitivity of ∼19.5 pT (Hz 1/2 ) −1 has been achieved employing PSS of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 as the probe, compared with a sensitivity of ∼28.3pT (Hz 1/2 ) −1 using PCS as the probe. We preliminarily demonstrated that the quantum-enhanced sensitivity in a Faraday-rotation-based 87 Rb atomic magnetometer with the help of PSS of 795 nm light.