Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations

TLDR

Nanotechnology has rapidly expanded over the past decade, offering diverse applications across food safety, transportation, sustainable energy, environmental science, catalysis, and medicine, with nanomaterials’ unique properties enabling these functions and green synthesis methods providing a desirable, eco‑friendly alternative that avoids harsh conditions and hazardous chemicals. The review aims to comprehensively survey green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via plants and microorganisms, including influencing factors and characterization techniques. The authors examine eco‑friendly, cost‑effective, biologically safe green synthesis processes using various plants and microorganisms to optimize metallic nanoparticle production. The review highlights the broad applications of metallic nanoparticles while underscoring key challenges related to toxicity and translational research.

Abstract

The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal rise in nanotechnology research due to its broad range of applications in diverse fields including food safety, transportation, sustainable energy, environmental science, catalysis, and medicine. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials (nano-sized particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm) make them uniquely suitable for such wide range of functions. The nanoparticles when manufactured using green synthesis methods are especially desirable being devoid of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals, or addition of external stabilizing or capping agents. Numerous plants and microorganisms are being experimented upon for an eco–friendly, cost–effective, and biologically safe process optimization. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the green synthesis of metallic NPs using plants and microorganisms, factors affecting the synthesis, and characterization of synthesized NPs. The potential applications of metal NPs in various sectors have also been highlighted along with the major challenges involved with respect to toxicity and translational research.