Transitioning to Human Interaction with AI Systems: New Challenges and Opportunities for HCI Professionals to Enable Human-Centered AI

TLDR

AI has benefited humans but can also harm them if not appropriately developed. The study aims to shift HCI focus from non‑AI systems to AI systems, identify new opportunities tied to HCAI design goals, propose alternative methods, and offer strategic recommendations to enable HCAI development. The authors performed a high‑level literature review and holistic analysis of HCI work on AI, identified opportunities linked to HCAI design goals, and proposed alternative methods to support HCAI implementation. The review revealed new AI‑induced changes and challenges for HCI, identified seven key issues in human‑AI interaction absent in non‑AI contexts, and demonstrated limitations of existing HCI methods for HCAI systems.

Abstract

While AI has benefited humans, it may also harm humans if not appropriately developed. The priority of current HCI work should focus on transiting from conventional human interaction with non-AI computing systems to interaction with AI systems. We conducted a high-level literature review and a holistic analysis of current work in developing AI systems from an HCI perspective. Our review and analysis highlight the new changes introduced by AI technology and the new challenges that HCI professionals face when applying the human-centered AI (HCAI) approach in the development of AI systems. We also identified seven main issues in human interaction with AI systems, which HCI professionals did not encounter when developing non-AI computing systems. To further enable the implementation of the HCAI approach, we identified new HCI opportunities tied to specific HCAI-driven design goals to guide HCI professionals addressing these new issues. Finally, our assessment of current HCI methods shows the limitations of these methods in support of developing HCAI systems. We propose the alternative methods that can help overcome these limitations and effectively help HCI professionals apply the HCAI approach to the development of AI systems. We also offer strategic recommendation for HCI professionals to effectively influence the development of AI systems with the HCAI approach, eventually developing HCAI systems.