A Visual Hydrogen Sensor Prototype for Monitoring Magnesium Implant Biodegradation

Abstract

Alternative metals such as magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been recently developed for clinical applications such as temporary implants for bone and tissue repair due to their desirable mechanical properties and ability to biodegrade harmlessly <i>in vivo</i> by releasing Mg²⁺, OH^-, and H₂ as biodegradation products. The current methods for monitoring <i>in vivo</i> Mg-alloy biodegradation are either invasive and/or costly, complex, or require large equipment and specially trained personnel, thus making real-time and point-of-care monitoring of Mg-alloy implants problematic. Therefore, innovative methods are critically needed. The objective of this research was to develop a novel, thin, and wearable visual H₂ sensor prototype for noninvasive monitoring of <i>in vivo</i> Mg-implant biodegradation in medical research and clinical settings with a fast response time. In this work, we successfully demonstrate such a prototype composed of resazurin and catalytic bimetallic gold-palladium nanoparticles (Au-Pd NPs) incorporated into a thin agarose/alginate hydrogel matrix that rapidly changes color from blue to pink upon exposure to various levels of H₂ at a constant flow rate. The irreversible redox reactions occurring in the sensor involve H₂, in the presence of Au-Pd NPs, converting resazurin to resorufin. To quantify the sensor color changes, ImageJ software was used to analyze photographs of the sensor taken with a smartphone during H₂ exposure. The sensor concentration range was from pure H₂ down to limits of detection of 6 and 8 μM H₂ (defined via two methods). This range is adequate for the intended application of noninvasively monitoring <i>in vivo</i> Mg-alloy implant biodegradation in animals for medical research and patients in clinical settings.