Unmasking the <i>cis</i>-Stilbene Phantom State via Vacuum Ultraviolet Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and <i>Ab Initio</i> Multiple Spawning

Abstract

We present the first vacuum ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (VUV-TRPES) study of photoisomerization dynamics in the paradigmatic molecule <i>cis</i>-stilbene. A key reaction intermediate in its dynamics, known as the phantom state, has often been invoked but never directly detected in the gas phase. We report direct spectral signatures of the phantom state in isolated <i>cis</i>-stilbene, observed and characterized through a combination of VUV-TRPES and <i>ab initio</i> multiple spawning (AIMS) nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of the channel-resolved observable. The high VUV probe photon energy tracks the complete excited-state dynamics via multiple photoionization channels, from initial excitation to its return to the "hot" ground state. The TRPES was compared with AIMS simulations of the dynamics from initial excitation, to the phantom-state intermediate (an S₁ minimum), through to the ultimate electronic decay to the ground state. This combination revealed the unique spectral signatures and time-dependent dynamics of the phantom-state intermediate, permitting us to report here its direct observation.