Analysis of the Prognostic Value and Gene Expression Mechanism of SHOX2 in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

<b>Background:</b> Detection of <i>SHOX2</i> methylation has been used to assist in the early diagnosis of lung cancer in many hospitals as <i>SHOX2</i> may be important in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. However, there are few studies on the mRNA expression, methylation, and molecular mechanism of <i>SHOX2</i> in lung cancer. We aimed to explore the role of <i>SHOX2</i> in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). <b>Methods:</b> First, we examined the differential expression of <i>SHOX2</i> mRNA and methylation in cancerous and normal tissues using databases. Second, we analyzed the relationship between <i>SHOX2</i> expression and common clinical parameters in LUAD patients. Third, we further explored the methylated level and its specific location of <i>SHOX2</i> and the mainly factors of <i>SHOX2</i> gene expression. Finally, we screened the correlatively expressed genes to analyze the pathways from the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes using DAVID. <b>Results:</b> We found that the mRNA expression of <i>SHOX2</i> was higher in multiple cancers, including LUAD and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), than in normal tissues. Among LUAD patients, <i>SHOX2</i> expression was higher in patients of middle-young age, with smoking history, in advanced stages, and with nodal distant metastasis. In addition, our results showed that patients with high expression of <i>SHOX2</i> are prone to recurrence, poor differentiation, and poor prognosis. Thus, we identified that <i>SHOX2</i> might be an oncogene for LUAD progression. The main factor influencing the high expression of <i>SHOX2</i> mRNA may be DNA methylation, followed by copy number variation (CNV), but not by gene mutations in LUAD. Unexpectedly, we found that <i>SHOX2</i> undergoes hypomethylation in the gene body instead of hypermethylation in the promoter. Additionally, SHOX2 has cross talk in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>SHOX2</i> is highly expressed in most cancers. <i>SHOX2</i> gene expression might be mainly regulated by methylation of its gene body in LUAD, and its high expression or hypomethylation indicates poor differentiation and poor prognosis. SHOX2 could be involved in PI3K-Akt and other important cancer-related signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis.