Do the COVID-19 Vaccines Cause Menstrual Irregularities?

Abstract

OVID-19 is affecting all the world as a pandemic. This new corona virus causes various health problems like pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), kidney injury, myocardial dysfunction, and gastrointestinal diseases (1). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects the immune system and causes an increase in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and other cytokines. In addition to COVID-19 itself, impaired immune system may cause alteration on hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis (2). Some studies showed a change in menstrual cycle, worsening of premenstrual symptoms and menorrhagia in women with COVID-19 compared to before the pandemic (3, 4).