Surface Activity-Tuned Metal Oxide Chemiresistor: Toward Direct and Quantitative Halitosis Diagnosis

Abstract

Continuous monitoring of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in human breath for early stage diagnosis of halitosis is of great significance for prevention of dental diseases. However, fabrication of a highly selective and sensitive H₂S gas sensor material still remains a challenge, and direct analysis of real breath samples has not been properly attempted, to the best of our knowledge. To address the issue, herein, we introduce facile cofunctionalization of WO₃ nanofibers with alkaline metal (Na) and noble metal (Pt) catalysts <i>via</i> the simple addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) and Pt nanoparticles (NPs), followed by electrospinning process. The Na-doping and Pt NPs decoration in WO₃ grains induces the partial evolution of the Na₂W₄O₁₃ phase, causing the buildup of Pt/Na₂W₄O₁₃/WO₃ multi-interface heterojunctions that selectively interacts with sulfur-containing species. As a result, we achieved the highest-ranked sensing performances, that is, response (<i>R</i>_air/<i>R</i>_gas) = 780 @ 1 ppm and selectivity (<i>R</i>_H2S/<i>R</i>_EtOH) = 277 against 1 ppm ethanol, among the chemiresistor-based H₂S sensors, owing to the synergistic chemical and electronic sensitization effects of the Pt NP/Na compound cocatalysts. The as-prepared sensing layer was proven to be practically effective for direct, and quantitative halitosis analysis based on the correlation (accuracy = 86.3%) between the H₂S concentration measured using the direct breath signals obtained by our test device (80 cases) and gas chromatography. This study offers possibilities for direct, highly reliable and rapid detection of H₂S in real human breath without the need of any collection or filtering equipment.