Immunomodulatory Effects of Lenvatinib Plus Anti–Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 in Mice and Rationale for Patient Enrichment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Lenvatinib plus anti-PD1 exerted unique immunomodulatory effects through activation of immune pathways, reduction of Treg cell infiltrate, and inhibition of TGFß signaling. A gene signature enabled the identification of ~20% of human HCCs that, although nonresponding to single agents, could benefit from the proposed combination.