Effects and Mechanisms of Symbiotic Microbial Combination Agents to Control Tomato Fusarium Crown and Root Rot Disease

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects and underlying mechanisms of different combinations of plant symbiotic microbes, comprising arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and <i>Trichoderma</i> spp., on tomato <i>Fusarium</i> crown and root rot (TFCRR) resistance. A total of 54 treatments were applied in a greenhouse pot experiment to tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) seedlings inoculated with or without <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i> (Fm), <i>Rhizophagus intraradices</i> (Ri), <i>Trichoderma virens</i> l40012 (Tv), <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> l40015 (Th), <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> PS1-3 (Bs), <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> PS2-6 (Pf), and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>radicis-lycopersici</i> (Fo). The symbioses on the tomato root system were well developed, and the composite symbiont generated by AMF + <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. was observed for the first time. Compared with other treatments, Ri + Bs + Tv and Fm + Pf + Tv stimulated the greatest improvements in tomato growth and yield. The combination Ri + Pf + Th + Fo resulted in the strongest biocontrol effects on TFCRR, followed by the treatments Th + Pf + Fo and Ri + Th + Fo. Compared with the Fo treatment, most inoculation treatments improved photosynthetic performance and significantly increased defense enzyme activity in tomato plants, of which the treatment Ri + Pf + Th + Fo showed the highest enzyme activity. Metabolome analysis detected changes in a total of 1,266 metabolites. The number of up-regulated metabolites in tomato plants inoculated with Ri + Pf + Th and Ri + Pf + Th + Fo exceeded that of the Fo treatment, whereas the number of down-regulated metabolites showed the opposite trend. It is concluded that AMF + <i>Trichoderma</i> + PGPR is the most effective combination to promote resistance to TFCRR in tomato. The up-regulation and down-regulation of metabolites regulated by symbiotic microbial genes may be an important mechanism by which root symbiotic microorganisms promote plant growth, increase yield, and improve disease resistance.