Synthesis and Evaluation of Bifunctional [2.2.2]-Cryptands for Nuclear Medicine Applications

Abstract

For the first time, synthesis of bifunctional [2.2.2]-cryptands (CRYPT) and demonstration of radiolabeling with lead(II) (Pb²⁺) isotopes are disclosed herein. The synthesis is convenient and high-yielding and gives access to three distinct bifunctional handles (azide (-N₃), isothiocyanate (-NCS), and tetrazine (-Tz)) that can enable the construction of radioimmunoconjugates for targeted and pretargeted therapy. Proof-of-principle CRYPT radiolabeling was successful with lead-203 ([²⁰³Pb]Pb²⁺) and demonstrated complexation efficiency superior to that of DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) and efficiency comparable to that of the current industry standard TCMC (1,4,7,10-tetraaza-1,4,7,10-tetra-(2-carbamoylmethyl)-cyclododecane). <i>In vitro</i> human serum stability assays demonstrated excellent [²⁰³Pb]Pb-CRYPT stability over 72 h (91.7 ± 0.56%; <i>n</i> = 3). [²⁰³Pb]Pb-CRYPT-radioimmunoconjugates were synthesized from the corresponding CRYPT-immunoconjugate or by conjugating [²⁰³Pb]Pb-Tz-CRYPT to transcyclooctene modified trastuzumab (TCO-trastuzumab) via the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEEDA) reaction. This investigation reveals the potential for CRYPT ligands to become new industry standards for therapeutic and diagnostic radiometals in radiopharmaceutical elaboration.