Understanding the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Peer-Violence Perpetration, and Gender Norms Among Very Young Adolescents in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.