Radical Chain Reduction via Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion (CO₂^•–)

Abstract

We developed an effective method for reductive radical formation that utilizes the radical anion of carbon dioxide (CO₂^•-) as a powerful single electron reductant. Through a polarity matched hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) between an electrophilic radical and a formate salt, CO₂^•- formation occurs as a key element in a new radical chain reaction. Here, radical chain initiation can be performed through photochemical or thermal means, and we illustrate the ability of this approach to accomplish reductive activation of a range of substrate classes. Specifically, we employed this strategy in the intermolecular hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with (hetero)aryl chlorides/bromides, radical deamination of arylammonium salts, aliphatic ketyl radical formation, and sulfonamide cleavage. We show that the reactivity of CO₂^•- with electron-poor olefins results in either single electron reduction or alkene hydrocarboxylation, where substrate reduction potentials can be utilized to predict reaction outcome.