The relationship between changes in vitamin A, vitamin E, and oxidative stress levels, and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Vitamin A, E, and oxidative stress levels are abnormally expressed in GDM, and are independent risk factors affecting the pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients. Therefore, the clinical monitoring of oxidative stress levels and vitamin supplementation should be increased, as these may be of great significance in improving pregnancy outcomes in GDM patients.