Genome-Wide Analysis of Potassium Channel Genes in Rice: Expression of the OsAKT and OsKAT Genes under Salt Stress

Abstract

Potassium (K+), as a vital element, is involved in regulating important cellular processes such as enzyme activity, cell turgor, and nutrient movement in plant cells, which affects plant growth and production. Potassium channels are involved in the transport and release of potassium in plant cells. In the current study, three <i>OsKAT</i> genes and two <i>OsAKT</i> genes, along with 11 nonredundant putative <i>potassium channel</i> genes in the rice genome, were characterized based on their physiochemical properties, protein structure, evolution, duplication, in silico gene expression, and protein-protein interactions. In addition, the expression patterns of <i>OsAKTs</i> and <i>OsKATs</i> were studied in root and shoot tissues under salt stress using real-time PCR in three rice cultivars. <i>K+ channel</i> genes were found to have diverse functions and structures, and <i>OsKATs</i> showed high genetic divergence from other <i>K+ channel</i> genes. Furthermore, the Ka/Ks ratios of duplicated gene pairs from the <i>K+ channel</i> gene family in rice suggested that these genes underwent purifying selection. Among the studied K+ channel proteins, OsKAT1 and OsAKT1 were identified as proteins with high potential N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites, and LEU, VAL, SER, PRO, HIS, GLY, LYS, TYR, CYC, and ARG amino acids were predicted as the binding residues in the ligand-binding sites of K+ channel proteins. Regarding the coexpression network and KEGG ontology results, several metabolic pathways, including sugar metabolism, purine metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, and folate biosynthesis, were recognized in the coexpression network of K+ channel proteins. Based on the available RNA-seq data, the <i>K+ channel</i> genes showed differential expression levels in rice tissues in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the real-time PCR results revealed that <i>OsAKTs</i> and <i>OsKATs</i> are induced by salt stress in root and shoot tissues of rice cultivars, and <i>OsKAT1</i> was identified as a key gene involved in the rice response to salt stress. In the present study, we found that the repression of <i>OsAKTs</i>, <i>OsKAT2</i>, and <i>OsKAT2</i> in roots was related to salinity tolerance in rice. Our findings provide valuable insights for further structural and functional assays of <i>K+ channel</i> genes in rice.