Virtual reality and 3D printing improve preoperative visualization of 3D liver reconstructions—results from a preclinical comparison of presentation modalities and user’s preference

Abstract

3D PR models and 3D VR models enable a better and partially faster anatomical orientation than reconstructions presented as 3D PDFs. User's preferred the VR application over the PR models and PDF. A prospective trial is needed to evaluate the different presentation modalities regarding intra- and postoperative outcomes.