Atomic Structure of Surface-Densified Phases in Ni-Rich Layered Compounds

Abstract

In this work, we report the presence of surface-densified phases (β-Ni₅O₈, γ-Ni₃O₄, and δ-Ni₇O₈) in LiNiO₂ (LNO)- and LiNi_0.8Al_0.2O₂ (LNA)-layered compounds by combined atomic level scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These surface phases form upon electrochemical aging at high state of charge corresponding to a fully delithiated state. A unique feature of these phases is the periodic occupancy by Ni²⁺ in the Li layer. This periodic Ni occupancy gives rise to extra diffraction reflections, which are qualitatively similar to those of the LiNi₂O₄ spinel structure, but these surface phases have a lower Ni valence state and cation content than spinel. These experimental results confirm the presence of thermodynamically stable surface phases and provide new insights into the phenomena of surface phase formation in Ni-rich layered structures.