Pathophysiology and management of neurocardiogenic syncope.

Abstract

Head-up tilt testing has become the diagnostic study of choice for the identification of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Therapeutic options include general measures such as volume expansion; pharmacologic approaches such as beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, anticholinergic agents, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, methylxanthines, and alpha agonists; and invasive methods such as placement of a dual-chamber cardiac pacemaker.