Efficient Preparation and Characterization of Functional Graphenewith Versatile Applicability

Abstract

Graphene, as star versatile materials having extraordinarily high electric conductivity, electronmobility, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, optical transparency, and mechanical strength, has attractedmuch attention from scientists and engineers in the field of materials, chemistry, physics, energy, andenvironment in the last decade and achieved fruitful accomplishment. This review discusses preparationstrategies, functionality, characterization, and applications for two dimensional nanosheet and quasi-onedimensionalnanoribbon of graphene through direct exfoliation of graphite, chemical vapor deposition ofhydrocarbon, laser-induced direct synthesis of graphene, laser etched graphene oxide in the dry state withoutthe use of toxic reducing agent hydrazine, unzipping carbon nanotube, and polycondensation of polycyclicaromatics on the basis of 178 representative references mostly in 2015. The stabilization of graphene oxideprepared in chemical preparation in u top-downH is emphasized. Several vital classic methods of characterizingmolecular structure, C/O ratio, defect, morphology, single-or few-layered （2 to 10 layers） structure, porousand hollow structures, including Raman spectroscopy, AFM, SEM, TEM, STM, electron diffraction, X-raydiffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are systematically introduced. Because graphene possessesnovel incomparable multifunctionalities, its versatile applications as novel conducting additives, reinforcingfiller, separation membrane, sensor, anticorrosive coating, catalyst, electromagnetic shield, lubricant, andflexible electrode materials in electrochemical and electronic devices, including photovoltaic cells,supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, sensors, field effect transistors, light emitting diodes, separationmembranes, adsorbents and absorbents, catalysts, electro-optic modulator, terahertz emitter and detector, andsemiconductors, have been mentioned.Especially in the aspect of both high performance and cost-effectiveness,graphene is expected to be even s