The Fragile Grid: The Physics and Economics of Security Services in Low-Carbon Power Systems

Abstract

Worldwide, there are unstoppable forces toward low-carbon power systems that can support the fight against climate change and help solve the security of supply issues in many countries. Low-carbon grids are likely to be characterized by substantial renewable energy sources, both centralized and distributed, combined with intelligent and dynamic demand-side technology and multisector electrification (including heating, transport, and future fuels). In this context, successfully resolving the "affordability-sustainability-reliability" energy trilemma is crucial for paving the way to low-carbon energy futures.