Critical Current Density in Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries: Mechanism, Influences, and Strategies

TLDR

Solid‑state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are attractive for their safety and high energy density, yet they suffer dendrite‑induced short circuits and contact‑loss‑induced impedance that limit practical use, making the critical current density (CCD)—the maximum current density without failure—a key parameter for understanding Li plating/stripping kinetics. The authors systematically review the theoretical and practical meanings of CCD, its failure mechanisms, identification methods, and influencing factors, and propose strategies to increase CCD for practical SSLMBs. They analyze CCD through thermodynamic and kinetic principles, failure mechanisms, identification methods, and influencing factors. The review identifies strategies and future research directions aimed at increasing CCD in practical SSLMBs.

Abstract

Abstract Solid‐state lithium (Li) metal batteries (SSLMBs) have become a research hotspot in the energy storage field due to the much‐enhanced safety and high energy density. However, the SSLMBs suffer from failures including dendrite‐induced short circuits and contact‐loss‐induced high impedance, which are highly related to the Li plating/stripping kinetics and hinder the practical application of SSLMBs. The maximum endurable current density of lithium battery cycling without cell failure in SSLMB is generally defined as critical current density (CCD). Therefore, CCD is an important parameter for the application of SSLMBs, which can help to determine the rate‐determining steps of Li kinetics in solid‐state batteries. Herein, the theoretical and practical meanings for CCD from the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic principles, failure mechanisms, CCD identifications, and influence factors for improving CCD performances are systematically reviewed. Based on these fundamental understandings, a series of strategies and outlooks for future researches on SSLMB are presented, endeavoring on increasing CCD for practical SSLMBs.