BPA Replacement Compounds: Current Status and Perspectives

Abstract

Since growing evidence has manifested that bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect human health, numerous BPA replacement compounds have been gradually introduced into the industry. Although BPA replacement compounds have been detected in various environmental media, foodstuffs, and human biological samples, investigations on their health effects and the underlying mechanisms are scarce. The present perspective outlines the current status of knowledge on the occurrence of BPA replacement compounds and also the associations between their exposure and adverse health outcomes, including endocrine disruption, reproduction problems, development abnormity, metabolic diseases, and other health effects. The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of BPA replacement compounds may be explained by their chemical properties, such as induction of oxidative stress, interactions with estrogen receptors, and regulations of gene expression. Nevertheless, further analysis on these novel BPA replacement compounds regarding human health is still required in order to fill the knowledge gaps and promote their better applications.