Optimal Lending Contracts and Firm Dynamics

TLDR

Borrowing constraints arise because borrowers face limited liability and imperfect debt enforcement, and dynamic consistency is not guaranteed in models with exogenous constraints where short‑term capital access is limited by a preset debt function. The study develops a general model of lending with endogenous borrowing constraints and characterizes the optimal default‑free contract that minimizes constraints, deriving implications for firm growth, survival, leverage, and debt maturity. The model links debt dynamics with borrowing constraints, requiring dynamic consistency where outstanding debt limits current short‑term capital access while being determined by future credit availability. The optimal default‑free contract minimizes borrowing constraints and yields implications for firm growth, survival, leverage, and debt maturity, aligning qualitatively with stylized facts and enabling comparative statics on technology and default constraints.

Abstract

We develop a general model of lending in the presence of endogenous borrowing constraints. Borrowing constraints arise because borrowers face limited liability and debt repayment cannot be perfectly enforced. In the model, the dynamics of debt are closely linked with the dynamics of borrowing constraints. In fact, borrowing constraints must satisfy a dynamic consistency requirement: The value of outstanding debt restricts current access to short term capital, but is itself determined by future access to credit. This dynamic consistency is not guaranteed in models of exogenous borrowing constraints, where the ability to raise short term capital is limited by some prespecified function of debt. We characterize the optimal default-free contract - which minimizes borrowing constraints at all histories - and derive implications for firm growth, survival, leverage, and debt maturity. The model is qualitatively consistent with stylized facts on the growth and survival of firms. Comparative statics with respect to technology and default constraints are derived.