Highly efficient BODIPY-doped upconversion nanoparticles for deep-red luminescence bioimaging <i>in vivo</i>

Abstract

We demonstrate a 3,5-di(p-oxethyl)styryl conjugated BODIPY showing deep-red upconversion luminescence with a high efficiency of 16.6%. Furthermore, water-soluble BODIPY-doped upconversion nanoparticles with efficiency up to 6.9% under low excitation power density (∼1 mW cm-2) are developed and enable high-performance bioimaging in vivo.