Li₂ZrO₃-Coated NCM622 for Application in Inorganic Solid-State Batteries: Role of Surface Carbonates in the Cycling Performance

Abstract

All-inorganic solid-state batteries (SSBs) currently attract much attention as next-generation high-density energy-storage technology. However, to make SSBs competitive with conventional Li-ion batteries, several obstacles and challenges must be overcome, many of which are related to interface stability issues. Protective coatings can be applied to the electrode materials to mitigate side reactions with the solid electrolyte, with lithium transition metal oxides, such as LiNbO₃ or Li₂ZrO₃, being well established in research. In addition, it has been recognized lately that carbonates incorporated into the coating may also positively affect the interface stability. In this work, we studied the effect that surface carbonates in case of Li₂ZrO₃-coated Li_1+<i>x</i>(Ni_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2)_1-<i>x</i>O₂ (NCM622) cathode material have on the cyclability of pellet stack SSB cells with Li₆PS₅Cl and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as a solid electrolyte and an anode, respectively. Both carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor hybrid coatings were produced by altering the synthesis conditions. The best cycling performance was achieved for carbonate-deficient Li₂ZrO₃-coated NCM622 due to decreased degradation of the argyrodite solid electrolyte at the interfaces, as determined by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry. The results emphasize the importance of tailoring the composition and nature of protective coatings to improve the cyclability of bulk SSBs.