Fluorine Triggered Surface and Lattice Regulation in Anatase TiO₂₋<i>_x</i>F<i>_x</i> Nanocrystals for Ultrafast Pseudocapacitive Sodium Storage

Abstract

Abstract Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as one of the most promising secondary battery techniques for large‐scale energy storage applications. However, developing appropriate electrode materials that can satisfy the demands of long‐term cycling and high energy/power capabilities remains a challenge. Herein, a fluorine modulation strategy is reported that can trigger highly active exposed crystal facets in anatase TiO 2− x F x , while simultaneously inducing improved electron transfer and Na + diffusion via lattice regulation. When tested in SIBs, the optimized fluorine doped TiO 2− x F x nanocrystals exhibit a high reversible capacity of 275 mA h g −1 at 0.05 A g −1 , outstanding rate capability (delivering 129 mA h g −1 at 10 A g −1 ), and remarkable cycling stability with 91% capacity retained after 6000 cycles at 2 A g −1 . Importantly, the optimized TiO 2− x F x nanocrystals are dominated by pseudocapacitive Na + storage, which can be attributed to the fluorine induced surface and lattice regulation, enabling ultrafast electrode kinetics.