Copolymer-Based Fluorescence Nanosensor for <i>In Situ</i> Imaging of Homocysteine in the Liver and Kidney of Diabetic Mice

Abstract

Homocysteine (Hcy) is one of the important biomarkers of clinical diagnosis, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. Current analysis methods have difficulties in detecting Hcy in cells and living organisms. As a powerful technique, fluorescence methods combined the laser confocal imaging technology can achieve real-time visual tracking in cells and in vivo. Herein, we establish a conjugated copolymer-based fluorescence nanosensor (DPA-PFNP-Cu(II)) using the connected 2,7-dibromofluorene and 4,7-bis (2-bromothiophen-5-yl)-2-1-3-benzothiadiazole as the main chain. The competitive coordination between Hcy and Cu(II) allows the fluorescence of the polymer off to on. Finally, the nanosensor is applied for in situ imaging of Hcy levels in the kidney and liver of diabetic mice and is found that Hcy levels were positively correlated with the degree of diabetes. Notably, the depth of tissue penetration of the nanosensor enables Hcy detection of the liver and kidney through in vivo imaging without damage. Two-photon imaging and in vivo imaging achieve consistent results, which correct each other, improving the accuracy of the test result. The present works provide a new imaging technique for studying the occurrence and development of diabetes and screening of new drugs for treatment at the living level.