A Distance-deviation Consistency and Model-independent Method to Test the Cosmic Distance–Duality Relation

Abstract

Abstract A distance-deviation consistency and model-independent method to test the cosmic distance–duality relation (CDDR) is provided. This method is worthy of attention for two reasons. First, a distance-deviation consistency method is used to pair subsamples: instead of pairing subsamples with redshift deviations smaller than a value of, say, . The redshift deviation between subsamples decreases with the redshift to ensure the distance deviation stays the same. The method selects more subsamples at high redshift, up to z = 2.16, and provides 120 subsample pairs. Second, the model-independent method involves the latest data set of 1048 SNe Ia and 205 strong gravitational lensing systems (SGLS), which are used to obtain the luminosity distances D L and the ratio of angular diameter distance D A , respectively. With the model-independent method, parameters of the CDDR, the SNe Ia light curve, and the SGLS are fitted simultaneously. The result shows that and CDDR is validated at the 1 σ confidence level in the form of .