Quantitative Assessment of Satellite L-Band Vegetation Optical Depth in the U.S. Corn Belt

Abstract

Satellite L-band vegetation optical depth (L-VOD) contains new information about terrestrial ecosystems. However, it has not been evaluated against the geophysical variable that it represents, plant water, the mass of liquid water contained within vegetation tissue per ground area. We quantitatively assess the seasonal variation of three L-VOD products at the South Fork Core Validation Site in the Corn Belt state of Iowa where L-VOD is directly proportional to crop plant water. We use three satellite-scale crop plant water estimates: <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> measurements; a normalized difference water index (NDWI) calibrated with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> measurements; and a crop model. We find that overall the L-VOD satellite products are 0.02–0.09 Np (0.4– <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${1.7} \,\,\text {kg} \cdot \text {m}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) lower than the three estimates. We show that overestimation of L-VOD can be attributed to dynamic soil surface roughness, and hypothesize that crop plant water observations will require the incorporation of this effect into retrieval algorithms.