TiO₂ Nanorod Array Conformally Coated with a Monolayer MoS₂ Film: An Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Abstract

Heterostructures, particularly the shell–core (2D@1D) nanostructure with atomically thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides, exhibit an excellent electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. Herein, we introduce a facile and precisely controlled synthesis of a shell–core heterostructure that comprises TiO2 nanorods (TNRs) as a core array conformally covered by a continuous monolayer molybdenum disulfide (ML-MoS2) film as a shell. The TNR array was grown by a hydrothermal process, followed by the conformal coating of the ML-MoS2 film via metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. Interestingly, the shell–core heterostructure (ML-MoS2@TNRs) shows a significant enhancement in the HER activity with an onset overpotential at 140 mV vs reversible hydrogen electrode and a Tafel slope of ∼80 mV/dec. Based on our experimental results together with first-principle calculations, we attribute the enhanced HER performance of ML-MoS2@TNRs to the synergetic effect of the following characteristics. (i) A large number of active sites owing to TNRs’ high surface to volume ratio. (ii) A considerable reduction in the charge transfer resistance caused by the direct growth of ML-MoS2 over the TNR array, naturally rendering low electrical loss contacts compared to the conventional transfer process. Moreover, the direction of the built-in electric field in the MoS2/TiO2 heterostructure also facilitates the flow of electrons from the electrode to the electrocatalyst surface, consequently decreasing the charge transfer resistance. (iii) The high intrinsic HER activity of the active sites owing to the low Gibbs free energy of the catalytic surface (ML-MoS2@TNRs). Moreover, by virtue of the high crystalline quality of ML-MoS2, the ML-MoS2@TNRs sample shows excellent stability and working durability. Clearly, these characteristics suggest that our proposed method has great potential for practical applications in the form of large-scale HER devices.