IPSE, an abundant egg-secreted protein of the carcinogenic helminth Schistosoma haematobium, promotes proliferation of bladder cancer cells and angiogenesis

Abstract

<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> acts as a bladder carcinogen through unclear mechanisms. The <i>S. haematobium</i> homolog of IPSE, a secreted schistosome egg immunomodulatory molecule, enhances angiogenesis and urothelial proliferation, hallmarks of pre-carcinogenesis, suggesting IPSE is a key pro-oncogenic molecule of <i>S. haematobium.</i>