Long Noncoding RNA <i>HITTERS</i> Protects Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress‐Induced Apoptosis via Promoting MRE11‐RAD50‐NBS1 Complex Formation

Abstract

Recent studies have proven that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit regulatory functions of both DNA damage response (DDR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Herein, ER stress-induced lncRNA transcriptomic changes are reported in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and a novel lncRNA <i>HITTERS</i> ( <b><i>H</i></b> <i>ERPUD1</i> <b>i</b>n<b>t</b>ronic <b>t</b>ranscript of <b>ER s</b>tress) is identified as the most significantly upregulated lncRNA. It is shown that <i>HITTERS</i> is a nucleus-located lncRNA including two transcript variants. <i>HITTERS</i> lacks an independent promoter but shares the same promoter with <i>HERPUD1</i>. <i>HITTERS</i> is transcriptionally regulated by <i>Activating Transcription Factor (ATF) 6</i>, <i>ATF4</i>, <i>X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1)</i>, and DNA methylation. In human OSCC tissues, <i>HITTERS</i> is significantly correlated with OSCC clinicopathological features and prognosis. Gain- and loss-of-function studies reveal that <i>HITTERS</i> promotes OSCC proliferation and invasion via influencing the expression of growth factor receptors and the downstream pathways. Once ER stress is triggered, <i>HITTERS</i> significantly attenuates ER stress-induced apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, <i>HITTERS</i> functions as RNA scaffold to promote MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex formation in the repair of ER stress-induced DNA damage. To sum up, this study presents a novel lncRNA, namely <i>HITTERS</i>, which links ER stress and DDR together in OSCC.