A Longitudinal Analysis of Nicotine Dependence and Transitions From Dual Use of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Evidence From Waves 1–3 of the PATH Study

Abstract

This study provides new evidence that established dual use and transitions to and from dual use are associated with higher tobacco dependence compared with remaining a cigarette- or e-cigarette-only user and that higher e-cigarette dependence is associated with becoming or remaining an exclusive user of e-cigarettes.