Physical aspects of peristaltic flow of hybrid nano fluid inside a curved tube having ciliated wall

Abstract

The intensions of this work are to explain the peristaltic flow and heat transfer of hybrid (Cu-Ag/blood) and phase flow (Cu/blood) nanofluid models inside a curved tube having ciliated wall. The governing mathematical equations are established for a curvilinear coordinate system (R-,Z-). In order to simplify these equations, we have exploited the lubrication approximation, i.e. Reynolds number tends to zero and wavelength tends to infinity. Finally, these abridged governing equations, subject to corresponding boundary conditions, are solved and luckily found exact solutions for the complicated problem. These solutions are discussed graphically for both hybrid (Cu-Ag/blood) and phase flow (Cu/blood) nanofluid models against various physical parameters that are involved in the governing equations. It is observed that the axial and thermal symmetry is demolished due to curved nature of the tube but when parameter s increases, i.e. the curved geometry is transformed into a straighter channel then the symmetry about the centre of channel is restored.