Tuning the Excited State of Tetradentate Pd(II) Complexes for Highly Efficient Deep-Blue Phosphorescent Materials

Abstract

Deep-blue-light-emitting materials are urgently desired in high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for full-color display and solid-state lighting applications. However, the development of stable and efficient deep-blue emitters remains a great challenge. Herein, a series of stable and efficient tetradentate Pd(II)-complex-based deep-blue emitters with rigid 5/6/6 metallocycles and no F atom were designed and synthesized. These deep-blue emitters employ various isoelectronic five-membered heteroaryl-ring-containing ligands to exhibit extremely narrow emission spectra peaking at 439-443 nm with a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of only 22-38 nm in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at room temperature. In particular, the design of an intramolecular hydrogen bond enabled the 1-phenyl-1,2,3-trazole-based Pd(II) complexes to achieve CIE_<i>y</i> < 0.1 (0.069-0.078; CIE is Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage). Theoretical calculation and natural transition orbital analysis reveal that these deep-blue materials emit light exclusively from their ligand (carbazole)-centered (³LC) states. Moreover, the triplet excited-state property can be efficiently regulated through ligand modification with isoelectronic oxazole and thiazole rings or pyridine rings, resulting in sky-blue-to-yellow materials, which emit light originating from an admixture of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (³MLCT) and intraligand charge-transfer states. The newly developed Pd(II) complexes are strongly emissive in various matrixes with a quantum efficiency of up to 51% and also highly thermally stable with a 5% weight-reduction temperature (Δ<i>T</i>_5%) of up to 400 °C. Deep-blue OLEDs with CIE_<i>y</i> < 0.1 employing Pd(II) complexes as emitters were successfully fabricated for the first time. This study demonstrates that the Pd(II) complexes can act as excellent phosphorescent light-emitting materials through rational molecular design and also provide a valuable method for the development of Pd(II)-complex-based efficient and stable deep-blue emitters.