Magnetron sputtered copper bismuth oxide photocathodes for solar water reduction

Abstract

Abstract There is an urgent need for new materials that can catalyze or drive the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, i.e. solar fuels. Copper bismuth oxide (CBO) is a promising photocathode material for the photochemical reduction of water. Here, we systematically control the stoichiometry of CBO thin films prepared by reactive, direct-current magnetron co-sputtering from metallic Bi and Cu targets. The intrinsic photophysical and PEC material properties are investigated and evaluated in order to determine the optimum composition for hydrogen formation. Changing the stoichiometry of the films reveals a dramatic change in the optical band gap and crystal structure of CBO. The largest photocurrent density was achieved for a copper-to-bismuth ion ratio of 0.53, close to the CuBi 2 O 4 stoichiometry, which yielded J ph = − 0.48 mA cm −2 at 0 V RHE (RHE = reversible hydrogen electrode). This is the highest value to date for the photochemical reduction of water with CuBi 2 O 4 without an externally applied bias. The absorbed photon-to-current efficiency and the photostability of the films in neutral and alkaline electrolytes were also investigated.