Antibacterial activity and mechanism of sanguinarine against <i>Providencia rettgeri</i> in vitro

Abstract

The MIC of SAG against <i>P. rettgeri</i> was 7.8 μg/mL. SAG inhibited the growth of <i>P. rettgeri</i> and destroyed the integrity of <i>P. rettgeri</i> cell membrane, as reflected mainly through the decreases in the intracellular ATP concentration, pH_in and cell membrane potential and significant changes in cellular morphology. The findings of CLSM, FESEM and crystal violet staining indicated that SAG exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the biofilm formation of <i>P. rettgeri</i> and led to the inactivity of biofilm-related <i>P. rettgeri</i> cells.