Efficient separation of photoexcited carriers in a g-C₃N₄-decorated WO₃ nanowire array heterojunction as the cathode of a rechargeable Li–O₂ battery

Abstract

Utilization of solar energy is very important for alleviating the global energy crisis; however, solar-to-electric energy conversion in a compact battery is a great challenge. High charging overpotential of conventional aprotic Li-O₂ batteries still restricts their practical application. Herein, we propose a photo-involved rechargeable Li-O₂ battery to not only realize direct solar-to-electric energy conversion/storage but also address the overpotential issue. In this photo-involved battery system, the g-C₃N₄-decorated WO₃ nanowire array (WO₃@g-C₃N₄ NWA) heterojunction semiconductor is used as both the photoelectrode and oxygen electrode. Upon charging under visible-light irradiation, the photoexcited holes and electrons are in situ generated on the WO₃@g-C₃N₄ NWA heterojunction cathode. The fabrication of the heterojunction can distinctly reduce the recombination rate between electrons and holes, while photon-generated carriers are effectively and quickly separated and then migrate under a large current density. The discharge product (Li₂O₂) can be oxidized to O₂ and Li⁺ with a reduced charging voltage (3.69 V) by the abundant photoexcited holes, leading to high energy efficiency, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability. This newly photo-involved reaction scheme could open new avenues toward the design of advanced solar-to-electric energy conversion and storage systems.