Suppressing Cation Migration in Triple-Cation Lead Halide Perovskites

Abstract

Ion migration represents an intrinsic instability of metal halide perovskite solar cells. Here we show that triple-cation FAxMAyCs1–x–yPbI3 [FA+ = (NH2)2CH+, MA+ = CH3NH3+] active layers with mixed orthorhombic, post-perovskite (δortho-CsPbI3), and cubic perovskite (α) phases (i.e., α/δ-phase FAxMAyCs1–x–yPbI3) exhibit improved cation stability against applied bias relative to pure α-phase perovskites (i.e., FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3 and FA0.76MA0.15Cs0.09PbI3). Infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to visualize exclusive α-phase perovskite lateral device A+ cation accumulation (depletion) at perovskite negative (positive) electrode interfaces. The resulting compositional heterogeneities lead to degradation. Operational stability testing of solar cells reveals similar degradation behavior; α/δ-phase FAxMAyCs1–x–yPbI3 lateral devices/solar cells, by contrast, show improved stabilities. Enhanced α/δ-FAxMAyCs1–x–yPbI3 stability is rationalized by δortho-phase inclusions, acting as barriers through which A+ cations do not easily migrate. This study thus provides new insights into cation migration in FAxMAyCs1–x–yPbI3 perovskites and suggests a materials design strategy toward suppressing cation instabilities in hybrid perovskites.