Amorphous Pd-Loaded Ti₄O₇ Electrode for Direct Anodic Destruction of Perfluorooctanoic Acid

Abstract

We here present a novel Ti₄O₇-based electrode loaded with amorphous Pd clusters that achieve efficient anodic destruction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent water pollutant with significant environmental and human health concerns. These amorphous Pd clusters were characterized by the disordered, noncrystalline arrangement of Pd single atoms in close proximity, in contrast to crystalline Pd nanoparticles that have been often employed to tailor the electronic properties of an electrode. We found that the Ti₄O₇ electrode loaded with amorphous Pd clusters significantly outperformed the Ti₄O₇ electrode loaded with crystalline Pd particles due to enhanced electron transfer through dominant Pd-O bonds. Combined with the efficient binding of PFOA and its degradation intermediates to the fluorinated electrode surface, this electrode was capable of mineralizing PFOA and releasing fluoride as F^-. The reaction pathway was found to proceed without involving reactive oxygen species and therefore was not quenched by common anions in complex natural water systems such as chloride ions.