The GIGANTEA-ENHANCED EM LEVEL Complex Enhances Drought Tolerance via Regulation of Abscisic Acid Synthesis

Abstract

Drought is one of the most critical environmental stresses limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The synthesis and signaling of abscisic acid (ABA), a key phytohormone in the drought stress response, is under photoperiodic control. GIGANTEA (GI), a key regulator of photoperiod-dependent flowering and the circadian rhythm, is also involved in the signaling pathways for various abiotic stresses. In this study, we isolated ENHANCED EM LEVEL (EEL)/basic Leu zipper 12, a transcription factor involved in ABA signal responses, as a GI interactor in Arabidopsis (<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>). The diurnal expression of <i>9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3</i> (<i>NCED3</i>), a rate-limiting ABA biosynthetic enzyme, was reduced in the <i>eel</i>, <i>gi-1</i>, and <i>eel gi-1</i> mutants under normal growth conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that EEL and GI bind directly to the ABA-responsive element motif in the <i>NCED3</i> promoter. Furthermore, the <i>eel</i>, <i>gi-1</i>, and <i>eel gi-1</i> mutants were hypersensitive to drought stress due to uncontrolled water loss. The transcript of <i>NCED3</i>, endogenous ABA levels, and stomatal closure were all reduced in the <i>eel</i>, <i>gi-1</i>, and <i>eel gi-1</i> mutants under drought stress. Our results suggest that the EEL-GI complex positively regulates diurnal ABA synthesis by affecting the expression of <i>NCED3</i>, and contributes to the drought tolerance of Arabidopsis.