Metformin inhibits RAN translation through PKR pathway and mitigates disease in <i>C9orf72</i> ALS/FTD mice

Abstract

Repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation is found in a growing number of microsatellite expansion diseases, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We show that RAN translation is highly regulated by the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In cells, structured CAG, CCUG, CAGG, and G₄C₂ expansion RNAs activate PKR, which leads to increased levels of multiple RAN proteins. Blocking PKR using PKR-K296R, the TAR RNA binding protein or PKR-KO cells, reduces RAN protein levels. p-PKR is elevated in <i>C9orf72</i> ALS/FTD human and mouse brains, and inhibiting PKR in <i>C9orf72</i> BAC transgenic mice using AAV-PKR-K296R or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug metformin, decreases RAN proteins, and improves behavior and pathology. In summary, targeting PKR, including by use of metformin, is a promising therapeutic approach for <i>C9orf72</i> ALS/FTD and other expansion diseases.