Recent active thermal management technologies for the development of energy-optimized aerospace vehicles in China

TLDR

Modern aerospace vehicles face escalating waste heat from integration and miniaturization, and limited heat sinks threaten equipment longevity, prompting the USA’s INVENT program and driving Chinese efforts to develop advanced thermal management technologies. This paper reviews on‑board heat sinks and active/passive aerospace thermal management systems, and identifies key issues to guide global development. The authors survey Chinese active thermal management technologies, including fuel thermal management, environmental control, non‑fuel liquid cooling, and space‑thermal control systems for the Space Station, Chang'e‑3, and planned Chang'e‑5.

Abstract

Recently, the development of modern vehicles has brought about aggressive integration and miniaturization of on-board electrical and electronic devices. It will lead to exponential growth in both the overall waste heat and heat flux to be dissipated to maintain the devices within a safe temperature range. However, both the total heat sinks aboard and the cooling capacity of currently utilized thermal control strategy are severely limited, which threatens the lifetime of the on-board equipment and even the entire flight system and shrink the vehicle's flight time and range. Facing these thermal challenges, the USA proposed the program of "INVENT" to maximize utilities of the available heat sinks and enhance the cooling ability of thermal control strategies. Following the efforts done by the USA researchers, scientists in China fought their ways to develop thermal management technologies for Chinese advanced energy-optimized airplanes and spacecraft. This paper elaborates the available on-board heat sinks and aerospace thermal management systems using both active and passive technologies not confined to the technology in China. Subsequently, active thermal management technologies in China including fuel thermal management system, environment control system, non-fuel liquid cooling strategy are reviewed. At last, space thermal control technologies used in Chinese Space Station and Chang'e-3 and to be used in Chang'e-5 are introduced. Key issues to be solved are also identified, which could facilitate the development of aerospace thermal control techniques across the world.